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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults with ADHD also suffer from comorbid disorders such as major depressive disorder (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many sufferers do not respond to medication for depression and may be able to benefit from psychotherapy. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and boost levels of certain brain chemicals. Commonly prescribed stimulants include amphetamine, methylphenidate, and similar medications. Medicines Adults are able to take many different drugs that are prescribed for ADHD in children. However the dosages are different and the drugs can cause side effects that are not typical of children. The doctor will examine the medical history, the family health history and other factors of the individual to determine which medicine is best. The most commonly used ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by adjusting the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. The stimulants like methylphenidate (also known as Adderall) and dextroamphetamine boost the supply of neurotransmitters that help improve focus, reduce impulsivity, and reduce aggression. These stimulants are available in a variety of forms, including skin patches, liquids and chewable tablets. These long-acting stimulants are preferred due to their improved patient compliance, and more consistent, long-lasting improvement in symptoms. It is important to keep in mind that co-existing conditions like depression and anxiety disorders can alter the effectiveness of ADHD medication. Therefore it is recommended that these mental health issues be treated first, and then medication utilized as a secondary measure. Some medications that can be used to treat comorbid psychiatric disorders include atomoxetine, bupropion and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004). Certain patients may have some patients may experience a “rebound effect” where their ADHD symptoms get worse after stopping stimulant medication. In these instances, a short-term trial of the use of a low dose stimulant medication could be helpful. Some people are unable to take stimulant medication or take it because of addiction to drugs or other health conditions like severe hypertension or heart issues. In these situations, nonstimulant medications such as atomoxetine and viloxazine are effective. These medications don't cause the same amount of side effects as stimulants, and are less risk of abuse and diversion. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (talk therapy) can be beneficial for those suffering from ADHD. It can help them learn skills to improve their life manage anxiety and stress, resolve conflicts, and manage problems in relationships or at work. treat adult adhd can also aid in the treatment of people with mental disorders that coexist, like depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), mind-body cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These treatments are based on the belief that one's beliefs and thoughts affect how they think, feel and behave. CBT helps individuals identify negative behaviors and thought patterns and then devise and implement strategies to alter these. Meditation techniques are used in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to help a person concentrate on their thoughts and emotions as well as control their impulses and improve executive functioning. Schema therapy and other forms of psychotherapy that focus on the family history of a person can be beneficial for those who suffer from ADHD with significant secondary issues. Psychotherapy, along with medication, can aid with specific ADHD issues, such as difficulty completing schoolwork or getting along with others. It can also assist in avoiding important dates and responsibilities and making impulsive decisions that can result in legal and financial problems. It can also assist a person explore and overcome underlying issues that cause ADHD symptoms, such as depression or anxiety. Psychotherapy can help people find healthy ways to cope and reduce stress. For example exercise, sleep improvement, and healthy eating habits. It can also provide support to an individual in the family or with a spouse who is struggling with the negative effects ADHD has on their relationship. Marriage and family therapy helps families and couples learn to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a form of psychotherapy which focuses on helping clients to change their negative thoughts. It utilizes skill-based dialogue with a skilled mental health professional (a therapist) to address the underlying causes of their symptoms. This treatment is designed to assist clients overcome their limitations and develop coping strategies that are compatible with their everyday lives. In addition to educating clients to recognize harmful thoughts, the therapists who specialize in adult ADHD CBT aid them in developing skills that allow clients to replace their negative thoughts with more productive ones. This process can take time. However, it's a good option for those who are not getting adequate relief from medications. In a recent RCT, it was found that cognitive behavioral therapy paired with medication is superior to cognitive behavior therapy on its own in terms of improving the core symptoms, emotional symptom, self-esteem, and social functioning in adults with ADHD (Clarke and co. 2017). CBT when combined with methylphenidate may be particularly effective for people with more serious underlying issues. The therapists who provide this type of treatment typically collaborate with the client to create an action plan specific to solving their issues. They typically teach them a set of practical skills that are simple to implement and have a high chance of success. Charts are often utilized to track progress and reward positive behaviors. This could include a daily report for children that lists the tasks they must complete in school or the positive behaviors that need to be exhibited, and an approach to tracking and rewarding. The therapists may also consider introducing negative consequences when children fail to complete their tasks. This can be done in a very sensitive and calming manner. Metacognitive Therapy A newer form of therapy, metacognitive therapy, helps individuals change how they think. This kind of treatment is effective for those who suffer from a variety of mental health issues which include depression. It is a form of cognitive behavior therapy that helps people learn to recognize negative thoughts and their effect on their moods. This kind of therapy can assist them in acquiring psychological tools that are flexible and beneficial. The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between metacognitive abilities and daily functioning in adults with ADHD. To accomplish this we compared the self- and informant-rated impairments in daily functioning to the indicators of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge and cognition regulation, debugging, information management, and evaluation). It was observed that the comprehensive knowledge of people was linked to daily functioning in adults with ADHD however, the regulatory processes were not. The predictive power of a model with predictors of metacognition was moderate, which suggests that they could explain an important portion of the variance in daily functioning of adults with ADHD. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) is an intervention which focuses on reversing metacognitive beliefs that cause dysfunction and perpetuate mental states such as worry, rumination, and attention fixation. Adrian Wells developed MCT based on an idea of information processing created by Wells and Gerald Matthews. MCT has been shown to be effective in treating anxiety disorders. However, it's still a relatively new treatment and further research will be needed to determine whether it can help with other disorders. This study was conceived for evaluating the effectiveness of MCT to alleviate symptoms of anxiety disorder. However, it can be used to treat various disorders and could be more effective than other therapy. It's important to keep in mind that this is not a cure for ADHD but it could be used as an adjunctive therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy, therapists work with all family members. Everyone is able to better understand the client's issues and learn how to help their loved ones. It also assists them in finding ways to cope with their own anxieties and develop healthier communication skills. This kind of counseling can be utilized to treat comorbid conditions, such as addiction and depression which are frequently associated with ADHD. The therapist will start with an intake session to get a better understanding of the family's perception of the problem and assess their ability to intervene with the family. This can be conducted either in person or online. The Therapist will explain to each client the nature of treatment as well as the rules for family therapy. A therapist who has experience in treating adults suffering from ADHD will ask lots of questions in order to gain insight into the client's current symptoms, their history, and their impact on their work life, family life and relationships. They will also ask if there are any other mental health issues present, such as depression or anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a structured kind of counseling that helps you learn how to manage your behavior and change negative patterns of thinking to positive ones. It concentrates on improving your self esteem and self-control through teaching methods to deal with stress and anger. It is a short-term treatment option that can be paired with other types of psychotherapy. Individual therapy helps those with ADHD to overcome the emotional baggage that results from underachievement and failure. It can also assist them in dealing with conflicts in relationships or job changes as well as academic difficulties. It can teach you strategies for managing stress and coping and teach you how to manage your time and money more effectively. It can also help with comorbid disorders such as depression and anxiety that are commonly associated as a result of ADHD.